语法
读句子时，重点抓住主干
名词性从句
包括：
- 宾语从句
- 主语从句
- 表语从句
- 同位语从句
引导词的划分，根据名词性从句的类型：
that(从句是陈述句)
I promise that I will help you.
whether/if (从句是一般疑问句)
They don’t know whether they will finish the work on time.
when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose
(从句是特殊疑问句（注意：从句是还是陈述句语序）)
You never told me what you had done to my computer.
what = the thing that(充当从句的宾语)
- The job is what I want.
同位语从句的引导词一般是that，因为它是解释说明
定语从句
引导词的划分, 根据先行词(要修饰的词)的种类：
- 人，用who, whom, whose, that
- 物，用that, which, whose
- 时间，用that, which, when
- 地点，用that, which, where
并且，引导词都要做成分
who, whom, that, which
在从句中充当主语或宾语
where, when, why
做状语成分
whose
什么的（充当定语）
限定性定语从句
为什么要限定呢，因为先行词的范围不确定。
- I met you friend who is standing in Paris. (friend有很多个，范围不明确要解释)
非限定性定语从句
I met you mother, who is standing in Paris.(mother只有一个，不需要解释了，就用逗号。后面只是额外的补充说明)
第二种情况
, which是指代前面的整个句子。
状语从句
从属连词+完整句子
时间状语从句
when/while/as（当。。。时候）
before/ after/ since/ until
as soon as （一。。。就。。。）
by the time（截止到。。。）
地点状语从句
where
原因状语从句
because/since/as （因为）
结果状语从句
so that (= so 所以)
太。。。所以
so (+adj. adv.) that …
such (+n.) that…
目的状语从句
so that
in order that
条件状语从句
if
once
as long as
unless = if not
让步状语从句
although/ though
even if / even through
+转折
比较状语从句
than+（单词/句子）
as … as … (和。。。一样)同级比较
方式状语从句
as (按照。。。方式做)
When in Rome, do as Romans do. （入乡随俗）
as
as + n. （作为。。。）
当。。。时候
原因
比较
方式
并列句
通过连词(conj.) 将多个简单句连接在一起。
连词
顺接
… and …
both … and …
not only … , but … as well/ but also … / but …
转折
… but …
… yet …
选择
… or …
either … or …
neither … or …
因果
… for …
… so …
非谓语动词
三种形态：
doing, done, to do
非谓语动词作成分
只有，to do / doing + /sth./介词短语 成为名词，充当主、宾、表
做主语
In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantage.
In daily life, to forget actually has clear advantage.
这里to forget做主语，长了。把它放到句尾，用it做形式主语，所以有
In daily life, it actually has clear advantage to forget. （句子变高级了）
做宾语
The members of the board decide to vote against the new plan.
做表语
Our main goal is to finish the task on time.
非谓语动词作修饰
修饰名词，做定语
修饰句子，做状语
（就近修饰）
ing 主动
修饰名词
Passing planes can be heard night and day. （经过的飞机在白天晚上都能被听到）
Passing为非谓语，就近修饰planes。
修饰句子
The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand.
holding前面有逗号隔开，修饰前面的句子（就是修饰这个句子的主语）
done 被动
修饰名词
He bought a used car.
used 修饰car
修饰句子
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by five students.
to do 目的
修饰名词
I have a lot of homework to do.
to do 修饰homework
修饰句子
I am coming to see you.
to see you 修饰整个句子（就是修饰这个句子的主语）
简单句的扩展
介词短语（补充说明）
介词短语由：介词+ 名词/代词/doing 构成
prep. + n./ pron. / doing
修饰前面名词
有,逗号隔开，修饰整个句子